Computer architecture, execute cycle, CPU internal structure, electronic circuitry, microprocessor, binary code, instruction fetch, decode, execute, memory access, register file, ALU operation, clock signal, pipeline architecture, branch prediction, hazard detection, forwarding logic, cache hierarchy, main memory, bus interface, von Neumann architecture, Harvard architecture, RISC, CISC, superscalar execution, out-of-order execution, speculative execution, concurrent processing, multiprocessing, multi-core processor, systolic array, digital logic gates, transistor-level implementation, CMOS technology, 45nm process node, mother board, chip design, semiconductor material, silicon wafer.