Computer architecture, CPU design, addressing modes, memory management unit (MMU), virtual address space, physical address space, segmentation, paging, paged memory, segmented memory, base-register indirect addressing mode, immediate addressing mode, register indirect addressing mode, direct addressing mode, indexed addressing mode, stack-based addressing mode, Harvard architecture, von Neumann architecture, microprocessor, mainframe, server, desktop, laptop, tablet, smartphone, motherboard, circuit board, wires, chips, CPU socket, heat sink, fan, instruction set architecture (ISA), CISC, RISC, EPIC, VLIW, pipelining, superscalar execution, out-of-order execution, speculative execution, branch prediction, cache memory, cache hierarchy, memory latency, bandwidth, throughput, parallel processing, multi-core processor, symmetric multiprocessing (SMP), asymmetric multiprocessing (ASMP), distributed computing, cluster computing, grid computing, cloud computing.