Schema architecture, DBMS, 3-tier system, complex database structure, multiple servers, storage devices, network connections, data processing units, query optimization, indexing mechanisms, relational databases, entity-relationship diagrams, conceptual schema, logical schema, physical schema, database normalization, denormalization, star schema, snowflake schema, fact constellation schema, data warehousing, business intelligence, OLAP, ETL, metadata management, data governance, security protocols, access control, encryption algorithms, backups and recovery systems, cloud-based infrastructure, virtual machines, containerization, microservices architecture, service-oriented architecture, event-driven architecture.